Since these conditions are not always typical of how PV modules and arrays operate in the field, actual performance is usually 85 to 90 percent of the STC rating. Standard Test Conditions are defined by a module (cell) operating temperature of 25o C (77o F), and incident solar irradiance level of 1000 W/m2 and under Air Mass 1.5 spectral distribution. The performance of PV modules and arrays are generally rated according to their maximum DC power output (watts) under Standard Test Conditions (STC). A photovoltaic array is the complete power-generating unit, consisting of any number of PV modules and panels. Photovoltaic panels include one or more PV modules assembled as a pre-wired, field-installable unit. Photovoltaic modules consist of PV cell circuits sealed in an environmentally protective laminate, and are the fundamental building blocks of PV systems. Photovoltaic cells are connected electrically in series and/or parallel circuits to produce higher voltages, currents and power levels.
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